CROP SCIENCES-I
(1.1 Genetics & Plant Breeding, 1.2 Seed Science & Technology)
Syllabus-
1.1
GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING
Unit 1: General Genetics and Plant
Breeding
Mendelian inheritance. Cell structure
and division, Linkage, its detection and estimation. Epistasis. Gene concept,
allelism and fine structure of the gene. Extrachromosomal inheritance. DNA –
structure, function, replication and repair. Genetic code. Gene-enzyme
relationship. Replication, Transcription and Translation. Gene regulation in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome organization.
Spontaneous and induced mutations and their molecular mechanisms. Crop
domestication, evolution of crops and centers of diversity. Emergence of
scientific plant breeding. Objectives and accomplishments in plant breeding and
the role of National and International institutes. Gametogenesis and
fertilization. Modes of sexual and asexual reproduction and its relation to
plant breeding methodology. Apomixes, incompatibility and male sterility
systems and their use in plant breeding.
Unit 2: Economics Botany and Plant
Breeding Methods
Origin, distribution, classification,
description and botany of cereals (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet,
minor millets); pulses (pigeonpea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea,
soybean, pea, lentil, horse gram, lab-lab, rice bean, winged bean, Lathyrus,
Lima bean; oilseeds (groundnuts, sesame, castor, rapeseed mustard, sunflower,
Niger, linseed); fibers and sugar crops, fodder and green manures; Breeding
methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and clonally propagated crops.
Component, recombinational and transgressive breeding. Single seed descent.
Populations, their improvement methods and maintenance, Hybrid breeding and
genetic basis of heterosis. Ideotype breeding. Mutation breeding, Concept of
tree breeding.
Unit 3: Genome Organization and
Cytogenetics of Crop Plants
Chromosome structure, function and replication.
Recombination and crossing over. Karyotype analysis. Banding techniques. In
situ hybridization. Special types of chromosomes. Chromosomal interchanges,
inversions, duplications and deletions. Polyploids, haploids, aneuploids and
their utility. Wide hybridization and chromosomal manipulations for alien gene
transfer. Pre-and post- fertilization barriers in wide hybridization. Genome
organization and cytogenetics of important crop species- wheat, maize, rice,
sorghum, Brassica, cotton, Vigna, potato and sugarcane. Principles and
procedures of genome analysis. Cytogenetic techniques foe gene location and
gene transfer, Construction and use of molecular marker based chromosome maps.
Comparative mapping and genome analysis.
Unit 4: Quantitative and Biometrical
Genetics
Quantitative
characters. Multiple factors inheritance. Genetic control of polygenic
characters. Genetic advance and types of selection and correlated response.
Hardy Weinberg law. Linkage disequilibrium. Genetic load. Polymorphism. Breeding
value, heritability. Response to selection, correlated response. Estimates of
variance components and covariance among relatives. Mating designs with random
and inbred parents. Estimation of gene effects and combing ability. Effects of
linkage and epistasis on estimation of genetic parameters. Maternal effects.
Genotype-environment interactions and stability of performance. Heterosis and
its basis. Mating system and mating design- diallel, line X tester, NC-1, NC-II
and NC-III designs, approaches to estimate and exploit component of self and
cross pollinated crops. Genotype X environment interaction and stability
analysis.
Unit 5: Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnological Tools in Plant Breeding
Somatic hybridization,
micropropagation, somaclonal variation in vitro mutagenesis. Artificial
synthesis of gene. Genetic and molecular markers, generations of molecular
markers and their application in genetic analyses and breeding. Molecular
markers in genetic diversity analysis and breeding for complex characters. Gene
tagging, QTL mapping and marker aided selection. Genome projects and
utilization of sequence formation. Vectors. DNA libraries, DNA fingerprinting,
DNA sequencing. Nuclei acid hybridization and immunochemical detection.
Chromosome walking, Recombinant DNA technology, Gene cloning strategies.
Genetic transformation and transgenics. Antisense RNA, RNAi and micro RNA
techniques in crop improvement.
Unit 6: Plant Breeding for Stress
Resistance and Nutritional Quality
Genetic basis and breeding for
resistance to diseases and insect-pests. Breeding for vertical and horizontal
resistance to diseases. Genetic and physiological basis of abiotic stress
tolerance. Breeding for resistance to heat, frost, flood, drought and soil
stresses. Important quality parameters in various crops, their genetic basis
and breeding for these traits. Role of molecular markers in stress resistance
breeding: MAS, MARS and MABB.
Unit 7: Plant Genetic Resources and
their Regulatory System; Varietal Release and Seed Production
Plant exploration, germplasm
introduction, exchange, conservation, evaluation and utilization of plant
genetic resources. Convention on Biological Diversity and International Treaty
on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Intellectual Property
Rights. Biodiversity Act. Plant Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights Act.
System of variety release and notification. Types of seeds and seed chain. Seed
production and certification.
Unit 8: Statistical Methods and Field
Plot Techniques
Frequency
distribution. Measures of central tendency, probability theory and its
applications in genetics. Probability distribution and tests of significance.
Correlation, linear, partial and multiple regression. Genetic divergence.
Multivariate analysis. Design of experiments- basic principles, completely
randomized design, randomized block design and split plot design. Complete and
incomplete block designs. Augmented design, Grid and honeycomb design. Hill plots,
unreplicated evaluation. Data collection and interpretation.
1.2 SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Unit 1 : Seed Biology
Floral biology, mode of reproduction,
sporogenesis, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit & seed
development and physiological and harvestable maturity. Apomixis,
parthenocarpy, polyembryony and somatic embryoids and synthetic seeds. Seed
structure of monocot and dicot. Seed maturation and longevity in orthodox and
recalcitrant seed. Chemical composition of seed. Seed dormancy - types, causes
and mechanisms of induction and release, factors affecting, methods to overcome
dormancy and its significance in agriculture. Seed germination - requirements,
imbibition pattern, physiological and biochemical changes, and role of
hormones.
Unit 2 : Seed Production
Introduction
to crop breeding methods. Variety testing, release and notification. Genetic
purity concept and factors responsible for deterioration of varieties.
Maintenance breeding. General system of seed multiplication. Seed production
agencies. Identification of seed production areas and factors affecting it.
Compact area approach in seed production. Seed production planning, equipment,
input and manpower requirement. Factors affecting pollination and seed set
viz., temperature, humidity, wind velocity, insect pollinators, and
supplementary pollination. Male sterility, self-incompatibility and their role
in hybrid seed production. Heterosis and hybrid vigour. Techniques of hybrid
seed production - emasculation and dusting, detasseling, male sterility, sex
expression, self-incompatibility and chemical hybridizing agents. Principles
and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of cereals like wheat,
paddy, sorghum, pearl millet and maize; pulses like chickpea, pigeon pea, green
gram, black gram, soybean and cowpea; oilseeds like groundnut, brassica,
sesame, sunflower and castor; fibre crops like cotton and jute; vegetables
crops like tomato, brinjal, okra, chilli, important cole and cucurbitaceous
crops; important forage legumes and grasses and seed crop management, time of
harvesting and threshing/extraction methods. Seed production technology of
plantation crops like coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cardamom and pepper. Disease
free clonal propagation of crops like potato, sugarcane sweet potato, tapioca,
colocasia, betel vine, fruit crops like mango, citrus, banana, guava, sapota,
pineapple, grape, apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot and seed production and
clonal propagation of annual and perennial flowers like rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum,
marigold, dahlia, phlox and petunia. Clonal standards and degenerations. Micro
propagation.
Unit
3 : Seed Processing
Principles
of seed processing. Seed drying principles and methods. Pre-cleaning, grading,
treatment, pelleting and packaging. Harvesting and seed extraction methods.
Seed invigoration and enhancement treatment and their applications. Seed
processing machines like cleaner cum grader, specific gravity separator,
indented cylinder, seed treater, weighing and bagging machines, their operation
and maintenance. Seed quality maintenance during processing.
Unit
4: Seed Quality Control
Seed
legislation - Seeds Act 1966, Seed Rules 1969 and New Seed Bill 2004, Seed Law
Enforcement. Seed certification – history, concept, organization, phases and
minimum certification standards. Field inspection principles and methods.
Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing. Pre-and post-quality
testing or genetic purity. Seed Certification Schemes, concepts and procedures.
Seed Testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control. Seed
sampling, seed moisture testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance
tests and equipment. Seed testing procedures for principal agri horticultural
crops. Quick viability tests. Seed vigour, its significance and testing
methods. Testing for genuineness of varieties – principles and methods based on
seed, seedling and plant characters, biochemical techniques namely
electrophoresis of proteins and isoenzymes and DNA fingerprinting.
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), its role in development of seed
testing procedures, rules and seed quality assurance for international seed
trade.
Unit
5 : Seed Storage
Requirements
and types of seed storage. Factors affecting seed storage and role of moisture,
temperature, RH and moisture equilibrium. Viability nomographs. Seed
deterioration causes and methods of control. Physiological, biochemical and
molecular changes in seed ageing. Longevity of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds.
Seed drying and Packaging needs. Storage structures. Methods of stacking and
their impact. Short and medium term storage. Controlled storage. Germplasm
storage. Cryo preservation. Design features of short, medium and long-term seed
storage buildings. Operation and management of seed stores.
Unit
6 : Seed Health
Significance
of seed health. Mode and mechanism of transmission of microorganisms - fungi, bacteria
and viruses. Procedures for seed health test and rules. Externally and
internally seed - borne pathogens, mode of infection, development and spread,
methods of detection of seed borne diseases. Important seed-borne diseases of
cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fibre crops, vegetables and their control measures.
Quarantine and International procedures of phytosanitary certificates.
Important storage pests, their identification, monitoring and detection. ET
value, nature and extent of damage, natural enemies and management. Use of
pesticides, botanicals, mycotoxins for seed treatments. Carry over infestation,
principles of fumigation and safe use of fumigants.
Unit
7: Seed Industry Development and Marketing
Trends
in National and International seed industry development-OECD. International
Seed Trade Federation (ISF) and Indian seed associations. Economics of seed
production. Market survey, demand forecasting, pricing policies, marketing
channels, planning and sales promotion. Buyer behavior and role of Government,
semi Government, co-operative and private sectors in seed trade.
Responsibilities of seed companies and dealers in Seed Act. Seed import and
export.
Unit
8 : Protection of Plant Varieties
Plant
Variety Protection (PVP) and its significance. Protection of Plant Varieties
and Farmers’ Right Act, 2001, its essential features. International Union for
the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and its role in development of
Plant breeders Rights and Seed Industry Development. Impact of PVP on seed
supply system. DUS testing principles and application. Biodiversity Act.
Criteria for protection of Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs) and Genetically
modified (GM) varieties.
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